Early acoustic cues of Sitophilus activity could reduce fumigation frequency in bulk stores. We record controlled silo segments and compare shallow time–frequency features with compact convolutional models under label scarcity. Shallow models remain competitive at small sample sizes, while deep models gain margin when augmented with synthetic chirp noise.

Deferred canal maintenance undermines water reliability but labor contributions are poorly documented. We combine focus groups with sketch maps digitized into a participatory GIS and quantify hours by canal reach, season, and household role. Findings motivate rotating maintenance rosters that align with peak transplanting periods.

High-elevation smallholder plots often lack dense weather grids. We interpolate daily thermal time and moisture indices using geostatistical kernels and feed them into a nonparametric yield model calibrated on extension trial data. Holdout counties show reduced error versus ridge regression when station density drops below one per 400 km2.

Indoor production shifts environmental burdens from land to electricity and materials. We couple hourly cultivation records with marginal grid emission factors and Monte Carlo uncertainty for nutrients, substrates, and packaging. Outcomes are compared to regional open-field benchmarks for lettuce, highlighting seasons when indoor systems outperform on climate indicators.

Pastoral mobility reshapes contact networks for foot-and-mouth-like pathogens in ways mean-field models miss. We embed herd agents on a corridor graph with stochastic mixing at wells and markets. Scenario sweeps show that staggered market days reduce peak prevalence more than blanket movement bans, with trade-offs for herder income stability.

Intercropping with grain legumes is promoted as a low-input pathway to rebuild carbon stocks, yet reported gains vary widely. We synthesize 47 field experiments using hierarchical models and explore moderators of residue management, tillage intensity, and follow-up duration. Legume effects are positive on average but sensitive to baseline SOC and measurement depth.

Timely irrigation decisions in steep vineyards require indicators that scale across row geometry. We combine narrow-band reflectance cubes with thermal profiles and apply constrained unmixing to isolate sunlit leaf, shaded leaf, and soil endmembers. Cross-validation against stem water potential shows improved lead time over NDVI alone, with minimal added flight time.

Conservation tillage spreads unevenly even when agronomic benefits are well documented. We specify a structural equation model linking risk perception, peer networks, credit access, and training intensity to stated adoption intent among 412 smallholders. Bootstrapped indirect effects suggest peer demonstration dominates direct extension messaging. Results inform sequencing of incentives and field-day investments.

Increasing environmental problems and the rapid depletion of natural resources necessitate raising environmental awareness at an early age. In this context, education on recycling and waste management plays a crucial role in developing sustainable behaviors. This study investigates the effect of recycling awareness education on the knowledge levels of primary and secondary school students. The study was conducted in two different schools in Bitlis, Türkiye, with a total of 444 students participating. As part of the educational intervention, interactive presentations on “recycling and environmental awareness” were delivered. To measure students’ knowledge levels, a pre-test was administered before the training and a post-test after the training. Learning gains were evaluated using the Normalized Learning Gain (NLG) method. The results indicate that the educational intervention increased students’ knowledge levels across all grade levels. However, the magnitude of learning gains varied depending on grade level. For instance, the average NLG value for 3rd grade students was approximately 0.19, whereas 5th grade students achieved a higher NLG value of approximately 0.60. Even higher gains were observed in 7th grade students, with NLG values reaching approximately 0.88, indicating a strong impact of the educational intervention. In contrast, in some upper grade levels, learning gains remained limited due to higher baseline knowledge levels. The findings highlight the importance of early environmental education and contribute to the development of effective recycling awareness programs.