This study evaluated the technical and economic feasibility of vertical farming systems for leafy vegetable production in densely populated areas of Metro Manila. Three hydroponic configurations (NFT, DWC, and aeroponic) were tested in a 50-square-meter indoor facility. Results demonstrated that NFT systems achieved highest space-use efficiency with lettuce yields of 12.5 kg/m2/month, with production costs competitive with conventional field production when labor and transportation savings were considered.

Black Sigatoka disease caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis remains the primary constraint to organic banana production in Ecuador. This study evaluated the efficacy of Trichoderma-based biofungicides and plant extracts for disease management in commercial organic plantations in Los Rios Province. Biweekly applications of Trichoderma harzianum combined with neem extract reduced disease severity index by 52% and maintained exportable fruit quality standards throughout the evaluation period.

This cross-sectional study assessed feed resource utilization patterns and their relationship with milk production in 180 smallholder dairy farms across three districts of Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. Data on feed types, quantities, and milk yields were collected through farm visits and farmer interviews. Results revealed that farms utilizing improved fodder species and concentrate supplementation achieved 45% higher milk yields than those relying solely on natural pastures and crop residues.

The invasive fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) has caused significant yield losses in maize production across Vietnam since its first detection in 2019. This study evaluated integrated pest management approaches combining biological control agents, botanical insecticides, and cultural practices in Dak Lak and Gia Lai provinces. Results showed that IPM plots achieved 73% reduction in larval damage while reducing synthetic pesticide use by 60% compared to conventional farmer practices.

Twenty-four quinoa genotypes from the germplasm bank of Universidad Nacional del Altiplano were evaluated for drought tolerance under field conditions in Puno, Peru at 3,850 m altitude. Morphological, physiological, and yield parameters were assessed under water-limited conditions. Four genotypes demonstrated superior drought tolerance with yield reductions below 25% compared to irrigated controls, showing potential for cultivation in increasingly arid Andean environments.

This research quantified the carbon sequestration potential of traditional cocoa agroforestry systems across 24 farms in the Western Region of Ghana. Aboveground and belowground carbon stocks were estimated using allometric equations and soil sampling. Results indicated that shade-grown cocoa systems stored significantly more carbon (156.8 Mg C/ha) than full-sun monocultures (78.4 Mg C/ha), highlighting the importance of maintaining diverse shade tree species for climate change mitigation.

This study evaluated the effects of different biochar application rates (0, 5, 10, and 15 t/ha) on rice grain yield and soil physicochemical properties in lowland paddies of Khon Kaen province, Thailand. Field experiments conducted over two consecutive growing seasons showed that biochar application at 10 t/ha significantly increased grain yield by 18.5% compared to control plots. Soil organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, and water holding capacity improved substantially with biochar amendments.

The condition of our soils is the?foundation for sustainable agriculture, conservation, food security and ecosystem health. The advancement of IoT technologies have thus re-shifted soil health monitoring and tracking from a time-labour-time-consuming activity into real-time data-information-decision making in?agriculture. The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate the efficiency and potentiality of IoT technology-based soil health monitoring &?tracking system in the backdrop of sustainable agriculture, environmentalism and food security. Internet of Things (IoT) technologies work with internet-connected sensors, wireless?networks and data analytics to produce desertification productivity information in real time and propel precision agriculture. The systematic review in this paper explains analysis of literature (1995-2025) concerning IoT soil monitoring especially moisture, Ph, nutrients and salinity, challenges for implementation, scalability?and sustainable cost-effective data management. The findings present some social and technological disruptive?potential of IoT towards crop development, resource utilization and sustainable with land. The status?quo involving technology has limits, such as farmers access to technology, sensor accuracy for soils parameters (soil nutrient) etc. The study identified a fundamental requirement to interface IoT technologies with?machine learning and blockchain technologies (useability, interoperability and security). It is essential to overcome technology-related bottlenecks in order to use?IoT as a tool for driving soil health monitoring and global agricultural sustainability. Addressing the technology-based barriers is necessary in order to utilize IoT as a driver for soil health monitoring and global agricultural sustainability.

Biochar is a thermochemical product of biomass that is rich in carbon produced through pyrolysis treatment and has gained wide attention due to its contribution to the maintenance of environmental sustainability and soil health. The capacity of the material to enhance soil fertility, removal of pollutants and sequestration of carbon in the long term is due to its distinctive physicochemical properties, which depend on the feedstock employed and mode of production. The nature of the feedstock, plant or animal, is a decisive factor in defining the main characteristics of biochar, including retention of nutrients, adsorption capacity as well as carbon stability. Plant based biochar are particularly useful in the long-term carbon sequestration and in improving soil structure whilst animal-based biochar types are more beneficial in increasing soil fertility and in the cycling of nutrients as they contain higher nutrient levels. The identification of these differences would be essential in the selection of the most appropriate biochar to use in different agricultural, environmental, and remediation applications. This review gives insight on the development of biochar research to streamline its production activities, seal the current gaps in knowledge, and gain a deeper insight into its long-term impacts on soil ecosystems.

This paper assesses the economic determinants of cocoa farmers\' incomes in Ivory Coast. Applying an ARDL model to data from 1991 to 2023, the analysis revealed that agricultural income is subject to highly dynamic variation. In addition, inflationary pressure affects purchasing power and rapidly erodes agricultural income by increasing operating costs. Furthermore, international cocoa prices do not impact farmers\' income in Ivory Coast due to limitations in the transmission of prices to agricultural producers\' income, caused by government price control policies. Furthermore, due to poor allocation, agricultural investments have no impact on the income of cocoa producers. Similarly, the amount of agricultural land cultivated and the labor force are negatively correlated with agricultural income in the short and long term due to the low productivity of agricultural land. The same is true for the depreciation of the local currency, which reduces the real value of agricultural income. Finally, price control policies limit the effects of market volatility and ensure stable agricultural income for producers.