This work examined response actions of pastoralists to the effects of climate change and diseases/pest outbreaks in Southeast, Nigeria. Not much is known about the double burden facing pastoralists hence, this study. A total of 120 pastoralists were selected purposively from the 5 Southeast States of Aba, Anambra, Ebony, Enugu, and Imo States. The questionnaire was used for the study, complemented with oral discussion with the pastoralists. Percentages were used to analyze data collection from the field. Results showed that the pastoralists were fully aware of the double burden of climate change and pest/disease menace as indicated by 100% response. Climate change affects herbage growth (87.5%), causes nutritional states (95%), leads to loss of milk (89.1%), and leads to disease outbreaks (99.1%). In response, pastoralists move to safer grounds (95%), diversification of herd (87.5%); restocking (81.6%) among others. Diseases lead to the death of animals, loss of meat quality, abattoir, poor nutrition, and results in food insecurity. They avoid disease-affected areas, burn fields, migration of herbs, use of herbs, and handpicking of ticks among others. Conflicts also unit access to water/pasture sources, closure of migratory routes, road blockade, and death of both animals and man. To adopt pastoralists’ move to so for ground, negotiate with action, provide alternative income sources.

This study investigates crop farmers’ knowledge of the risks associated with pesticides; attitude towards handling and the safety practices regarding pesticides use. Quantitative survey was employed in selecting registered crop farmers. A total of 250 crop farmers was randomly selected from a list of 2500 registered crop farmers in the study area. Questionnaire was used to gather information and data were analyzed using percentage, mean and standard deviation. Results showed that farmers get information on pesticides from their fellow farmers (98%), agro/chemical shops(96.4%), family members(93.6%) among others. Several reasons make the crop farmers use pesticides such as affordability (99.2%), minimal health risks (93.6%), easy to handle (88.4%), chemical content (94%), success stories of other users (98%). The chemicals used are herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides. They have good knowledge of pesticide as they agreed that pesticides can harm the environment with a mean (M) of (M=3.69), affect human health(M=2.90), very dangerous (M=3.51), inhalation is bad (M=2.98), hand wash after mixing/handling (M=3.4), They have near negative attitude to handling pesticides as seen in they open mouth and talk while mixing chemicals evidenced by over 72% responses, store chemicals at home(94%), 90% store at their backyards ,79.2% cannot read manufacturers manuals among others. They engage in certain safety practices such as wearing protective clothes(M=3.45), close the pesticide container wall(M=3.86), mix pesticides in ventilated environment(M=2.51), wear hand gloves (M=2.64), do not mix with bare hand (M=2.84) among others.

Bacteria produce various extracellular substances with variable properties and applications. Among these microbial products, plant growth promoting traits together with biosurfactants may improve plant growth in contaminated areas. In the current study, a strategy has been shaped for plant growth improvement using three surfactants producing plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) i.e., Enterobacter cloacae (A9G), Exiguobacterium sp. (A13G) and Bacillus pumilus (ALa). These bacterial strains revealed their amphiphilic nature by showing high efficiency for flattening and collapsing property and degrading ability for hydrocarbons and showed emulsification capability more than 50%. In alliance with this, these strains exhibited auxin and ammonia production potential and showed zinc solubilizing ability. The dual nature of these bacteria made the work worthy for assessing their potential to minimize petrol toxicity when used for inoculating Zea mays L. grown under petrol stressed soil (1 and 2% v/w). The results imparted a coherent picture of increase in growth and biochemical attributes of treated plants. Among selected strains, Bacillus pumilus (ALa) exhibited tremendous increase in all studied parameters showing 198.9, 87.2, 86.3, 89.6, 81.2 and 39.3% increase in chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’, carotenoid, free aminoacids, total soluble sugars and proline concentrations of treated plants over control plants grown without petrol stress, 87.6, 88.1, 140.4, 81.3, 143.9 and 93.9% increment under 1% petrol stress while 16.5, 117.1, 113, 88.5, 211.1 and 56.9% enhancements in presence of 2% petrol stress respectively, over respective control treatments. Thus, current study envisages an eco-friendly biological method to improve plant growth under petrol contaminated conditions.

COVID-19 is an influenza epidemic, over time stretched around multiple countries and has affected a large number of human beings. Moreover, it also influenced the diversified wheels of people\'s life consisting of social, behavioral, physical, mental, and economic aspects. In this study, we aim to analyze the behavioral aspects of Indian agriculture stakeholders. For this purpose, we have gathered the agriculture-related tweets from Twitter in three phases; a) Initial phase b) Mid phase, and c) Lateral phase, where these phases are related to the period of complete lockdown implemented in India in the year 2020. Furthermore, we have applied the qualitative content-based method to analyze the emotions of these people. The outcomes depict the presence of high negative emotions which signifies the fear of insecurity among the agriculture stakeholders. Moreover, the outcomes help the policymakers to get insights into the behavioral responses of agricultural stakeholders. They can initiate primitive and preventive actions accordingly, to tackle such issues in the future also.

Plant growth regulators play a central part in combination of many growths and behavior process of plants life. Plant hormones can help to manage equilibrium of phytohormones gibberellic acid being known well plant growth promoting hormone have shown to be involved in a variety of plant growth and development. The experiment was performed with four promising Canola genotypes such as R00-100/6, R00-125/12, SURHRAN-2012, and Rainbow (P) in order to determine the impact of the GA3 foliar application on canola growth and outputs (Brassica napus L.) with different combination of Gibberellic acid (GA3) GA3 4 g ha-1, GA3 5 g ha-1, GA3 6 g ha-1 during 2017-2018 in rabi season at Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, Tandojam. The results shows that growth regulator levels have significantly influenced the growth and yield of canola crop. It was observed that earlier days to maturity (108.39) was recorded in genotype R00-100/6 and maximum plant height (162.75), branches plant-1 (10.33), siliquae plant-1 (362.24), siliqua length (7.39 cm), seeds siliqua-1 (21.49), seed index (4.50 g) and seed yield (1443.08 kg ha-1) was observed with the application of GA3 5g ha-1 in SURHRAN-2012 and followed by with the application GA3 6 g ha-1 genotype R00-125/12 and Rainbow (P). The final results suggested from the present findings that variety SURHRAN-2012 x GA35 g ha-1 (foliar application) is suitable combination for getting maximum yield. Such kind of application of GA3 has been very advantageous in our current research. Thus, there is plenty of need of the use of GA3 and it must be applied more and more in order to improve the agriculture for farmers.

A NIR spectroscopy was calibrated for the determination of the forage quality components, CP, ADF, NDF, DM and ash. Calibration was carried out for common vetch. In this study, 197 common vetch samples which included 30 different cultivars were used. Three NIR equations developed for CP, NDF and DM (2,4,4,1), ADF (2,6,8,1) and ash (1,4,4,1) were best prediction equations for estimating these parameters. The coefficients of calibration were 0.823 for CP, 0.754 for ADF, 0.630 for NDF, 0.977 for DM and 0.856 for ash. It was concluded that a NIR spectroscopy can successfully be used to simultaneously prediction CP, ADF, NDF, DM and ash in common vetch samples.

Phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of Althea officinalis, Hyssopus officinalis, Nymphaea alba, and Sphaeranthus indicus flowers was carried out to investigate phytotoxicity, antibacterial and antifungal activities. The qualitative phytochemistry exhibited the existence of proteins, reducing sugars, saponins, hydrolysable tannins, phytosterols, steroidal glycosides, phenols, triterpenoids, terpenes, flavonoids, and fixed oils. The phytotoxic activity revealed the highest FI50 value (2007.4 µg/ml) for S. indicus while the lowest FI50 value (360.0 µg/ml) was shown by H. officinalis. The antibacterial activity revealed that the maximum zone of inhibition (34 mm) was shown by N. alba against Salmonella typhi while the lowest zone of inhibition was shown by A. officinalis (4 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. The antifungal activity exhibited a maximum zone of inhibition (29 mm) was shown by S. indicus against Aspergillus niger while the lowest zone of inhibition (5 mm) was shown by N. alba against A. niger. The present study concluded the effective use of flowers of plants might be the presence of active secondary metabolites against various bacterial, fungal diseases and for the isolation of herbicidal compounds.

Foliar reflective film applications have become common in agriculture today given the understanding of the effects of limiting high temperatures and solar radiation on plant physiology. This study was conducted to compare the effects of different reflective materials on some physiological and fruit quality attributes. To achieve this, two solid and three aqueous materials were applied by foliar spraying on deficit irrigated almond trees (cv. Ferragnes). Membrane injury (MI), relative water content (RWC), the SPAD chlorophyll index, leaf temperature and some macro- and micro-nutrient contents were examined in addition to fruit sizes, weights, total oils and fatty acid compositions. The applied treatments were found to significantly influence the evaluated parameters, which indicated reduced stress and improved fruit quality. MI was found to be from 42.8 to 73.9%, RWC varied from 76.8 to 92.9%, and the K/Na ratio was between 103.3 and 521.0. As a result of this study, it was concluded that the observed improvements were due to the effects of the evaluated materials and that reflective film applications are beneficial in alleviating heat, light and water stress in almond trees.

Physiological approaches such as Photosynthetic activity often reduces in growing plants under environmental stresses, due to this stresses productivity of winter wheat can be limited. The purpose of this study was to identify the stable and adapted wheat genotypes in three different locations of District Poonch ajk through photosynthetic pigments with relation to grain yield. The collection of ten winter wheat genotypes was cultivated in agriculture field of Rawalakot District Poonch AJK (Pakistan). Photosynthetic pigments by way of chlorophyll a, b, a + b, anthocyanin and carotene was investigated from flag leaves to assess the performance of these pigments influence to grain yield and found that the genotypes with the higher content of pigments have more thermostable and more grain yield. Wheat yield stability was evaluated through the major parameter such as mean yield(µ), regression coefficient (b\"i\" ).and coefficient of determination Ri^2. The genotypes which have high mean, regression coefficient closest to one and coefficient of determination on was above 90% is more stable as compared to other genotypes. Based on these stability parameters Saleem-2000 was most stable genotypes followed by Wafaq-2001 and Haider- in these locations of District Poonch (AJK) Pakistan. These genotypes can be said as more stable and may be recommended for this area. It is a great significance to study the photosynthetic pigments from flag leaves of wheat because it contributes greatly to grain yield. Further effort to improving grain yield prerequisite to be focused on extending the duration of efficient photosynthesis.