La labor de la mujer en actividades domésticas al igual que en la agricultura es poco valorada y a veces invisible, a pesar de que ella trabaja de lleno y sin remuneración. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar el rol de la mujer en las actividades agropecuarias, de la familia, de la comunidad y sus principales ideas para emprendimientos en la provincia de El Oro. Se encuestó a 160 familias que trabajan en las actividades agropecuarias, la encuesta presentó preguntas dicotómicas y abiertas que se enmarcaron en las temáticas: datos generales, rol de la mujer en actividades agropecuarias, comunidad y familia, acciones ante el cambio climático y conservación, comercialización y emprendimiento. La percepción de los encuestados sobre la mujer es que desarrollan varias actividades agropecuarias de manera más eficiente, como la siembra, cosecha, la alimentación del ganado y limpieza de instalaciones. La percepción cambia dependiendo del género y nivel de instrucción, siendo en algunos casos poco equitativos entre la labor que realizan hombres y mujeres dentro del hogar; los encuestados tienen ideas para emprender, pero requieren de apoyo como asistencia técnica, préstamos, el desarrollo de políticas que fomenten la participación de la mujer, a quien, hasta ahora se le ha atribuido principalmente las actividades del hogar.

The aim of this research is to find out the strategies that are used by English students of Batanghari University in translating texts from English to Indonesian language. The method of this research is qualitative. The sample is taken from the third semester students of English Education of Batanghari University which consists of two classes; one class consists of 27 students and anothe one consists of 33 students. The instrument of this research is a translation test. In analying the data, translation theory proposed by Newmark is used. The findings of this research show that there are only four methods used by the students in translating the text. They are word-for-word translation, literal translation, free translation, and communicative translation. Moreover, the most dominant method used by the students are literal translation method. The second dominant method is word-for-word translation. Meanwhile, the third and fourth translation method applied by the students are free translation and communicative translation. From the result of the analysis, it is also shown that there are four methods which did not applied by the students in translating the text. They are faithful translation, semantic translation, adaptation translation, and idiomatic translation method. Here, the students used more than one method to translate the narrative text. Based on the data, literal translation method is the most dominant method used by the students. It happened because the students just translate the words by its literal meaning and they tried to achieve the nearest equivalence meaning in the target language.

The ocular surface is predisposed to exposure from a variety of potentially hazardous environmental conditions and substances due to its location, physiological structure and sensitivity. In the present study, the xenobiotic stress exerted by chronic pesticide exposure on the cornea was primarily explored by mimicking the on-field scenario. Additionally, impact of freshly prepared collyrium of onion extract on the ocular surface post pesticide exposure was evaluated in murine model.\nThe deleterious effects of pesticide exposure on the ocular surface and their alleviation by topical administration of Allium cepa extract were observed via various in-vivo and ex-vivo techniques. Pathophysiological alterations to the ocular surface that impacted vision were explored through detailed neurophysiological screening with special emphasis on visual acuity wherein it was observed that the murine group treated with topical application of Allium cepa extract had comparable visual capacity to the control. Additionally, SOD2 was utilized as a marker of oxidative stress along with the expression of cellular apoptotic markers such as Bcl-xL to analyze the impact of pesticide exposure and subsequent herbal intervention on oxidative stress induced corneal damage. The impact on corneal epithelial progenitor cell population (ABCG2 and TERT positive cells) was also flow-cytometrically analysed. It may be postulated that the prevention of reactive oxygen production through the use of nutritional antioxidants is an effective strategy to alleviate pesticide exposure related ocular damage. Topical application of Allium cepa extract in small doses may be utilised as a possible intervention in the abrogation of chronic pesticide exposure induced ocular damage.

During the last decade anthracnose has become a major disease of Satsuma mandarin, the most important citrus crop in Croatia. The aim of this study was to determine Colletotrichum species associated with different symptoms and to identify the origin of inoculum. From 2013 to 2016, 437 samples were collected. Colletotrichum spp. was isolated from 93% of dried twigs, 35% of dropped flowers, 89% of leaf spots, from fruit with anthracnose or calyx-end rot symptoms, 12% of fruit with post-harvest soft rot and from 40% of fruit showing spots remaining on trees after harvest. Out of 258 Colletotrichum isolates, 27 representative isolates were selected from 258 Colletotrichum isolates. These were identified as C. gloeosporioides species complex by phylogenetic analysis following sequencing the inter-spacer gene region of ribosomal DNA. Artificial inoculation of flowers led to more than 2-fold higher young fruit drop compared to control. Pathogenicity tests on green fruit induced typical anthracnose symptoms on 82% of inoculated fruit two months after inoculation. Inoculation of mature fruit caused the appearance of typical anthracnose symptoms on 87% of inoculated fruit. These results showed that C. gloeosporioides species complex is responsible for different disease types on Satsuma mandarin and that the fungus is present throughout the year on plant organs after harvest.

This study was designed to examine the level of polymerization of sickle cell disease and methaeglobin in the presence of paracetamol using standard procedures. The present study has shown the level of polymerization of sickle cell disease and methaemoglobin in the presence of paracetamol. Within the experimental time of 30-180s, the relative polymerizations range between the following; 70.43 ± 0.87 to 72.10 ± 0.37 at the control (0 mg/dL), at 50 mg/dL, there was an increase from 65.78 ± 0.89 to 69.47±1.00, at 100 mg/dL there was an increase in the polymerization from 68.96 ± 0.99 to 72.33 ±1.02, at 200 mg/dL there was an increase in the polymerization from 65.96 ± 69.26 ± 1.00 and at 500 mg/dL, there was an increase in the polymerization form 66.05 ± 0.98 to 69.42 ± 0.92. This increase in polymerization can be said to be due to the increase in the absorbance of paracetamol. However, the absorbance of the polymerization mixture in the presence of the malarial drug was not significantly different (p<0.05) from the control sample at the 30second. The present study showed that the level of polymerization of HbS molecules was attenuated upon the introduction of the anti-malarial drugs in the polymerizing mixture. The percentage of methaemoglobin increases with the increase in concentration of paracetamol from 2.77 ± 0.05 to 3.30 ± 0.03 starting from 0mg/dL to 500mg/dL concentration.

Common problems that arise in the cultivation of Pomelo oranges are pests, and the continuous use of chemical pesticides which hurt the ecosystem. This study aims to compare the effects of chemical pesticides and biopesticides on insect species diversity in Pomelo orange fields in Magetan Regency. The method used in this study is direct observation of insect species in the Pomelo orange fields, by visual observation, yellow traps, clean brooms, Pitfall traps, light traps, and the application of methyl eugenol, followed by identification of the genus. The results showed that there were 7221 individual insects found in the chemical pesticide area that were identified as 7 different orders and 15 different families. While in the biopesticide area, 7999 individual insects were found, belonging to 7 different orders and 21 different families. Furthermore, in the area of chemical pesticides were not found groups of Rhynocoris, Rapalidia, Sceliphorn, predators group Coelophora, Adoterus, Gonocephalum, and pollinating groups Gotra and Cerceris. The biodiversity index (H \') of the chemical pesticide area is 1.9 while the biopesticide area is 2.03. The biopesticide area gives a higher biodiversity index value, although both regions show a moderate level of insect species diversity. The application of biopesticides increases the diversity index of insect species so that the application of biopesticides could protect insect biodiversity.

The principal aim of this research is to examine the inside microclimate for a passive tunnel greenhouse equipped with two continuous side openings, focusing in particular on the microclimate parameters, and their physical interaction with the components of the greenhouse in order to evaluate their thermal effects. The greenhouse was covered with a thin polyethylene film and equipped with rows of canopy. Experimental measurements were carried out to validate the Computational Fluid Dynamics model developed to predict the distribution of temperature, air speed, air humidity and PAR radiation. The canopy was considered to be a porous medium, and the heat interaction between leaves and the surrounding air were determined including long wave and shortwave radiation fluxes in each canopy control volume. Comparisons between simulated and measured values showed a good agreement. The results of the study highlight the combined influence of the greenhouse characteristics and the outside climatic conditions on the microclimate inside the greenhouse especially on the air temperature, humidity and PAR radiation. Because passive greenhouse management is crucial for affordable and efficient agriculture, especially in developing countries, we also discuss the possibility of using CFD code integration as a conceptual tool for designers or in association with a control climate model for farmers.

New combination of remogliflozin etabonate (REM) and metformin HCl (MET) tablet has been approved for the management of diabetes mellitus type 2. For quality control of the newly developed formulation three, economical, ecofriendly processed UV spectroscopic techniques have been validated for the concurrent quantification of remogliflozin etabonate and metformin HCl. The first method was established using first derivative absorption by determining the peak amplitude at 233.0 nm for REM and 252.2 nm for MET, a zero crossing of one the component. The second and third methods were based on the peak amplitude difference and first-order derivative absorption of the ratio spectra developed by the manipulation of scanned UV spectra. REM and MET showed good linearity in the range of 1 to 20 µg/ml and 2.5 to 35 µg/ml respectively by all three methods with an excellent correlation coefficient (r2 ≥0.998). Further, the proposed UV spectroscopic techniques were validated as per the ICH guidelines. The methods showed good sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. Anticipated procedures were effectively utilized for the concurrent quantification of REM and MET in laboratory arranged mixtures and tables. The high percent recovery with low standard deviation and relative error found for both analytes by all three methods confirms the accuracy and precision of the procedures. Besides, this is the first analytical procedure for the concurrent quantification of REM and MET. Further, proposed approaches were simple, economic and environmental friendly because water has been used as a solvent.