Plants have a wide range of pharmacological active compounds with diverge structural composition. Plants with such compounds have important role in pharmaceutical industry. Phytochemicals of plant contains several biologically active compounds. Such compounds have been studied for their activities against many pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, we have focused on the Fagonia arabica phytochemical analysis and anti-microbial activities against selected bacterial and fungal species. The crude methanolic extract of the Fagonia arabica contains Glycosides, Saponins, Tannins, Alkaloids, Cardiac glycosides, Flavonoids, a- Chlorides and Sulphates, Anthraquinones, Cyanogenic glycosides, and Coumarins. The side effects of phytochemicals are comparatively less than pharmaceutical chemicals and have very important and basic function as they can be used against cancer, asthma and other bone and joints disorders. The phytochemicals are considered as “man friendly medicines” because it cures diseases without causing harmful effects. Its various fractions were screened in vitro for possible antibacterial and antifungal activities. In this study we found that these biochemical compounds were active against bacterial species include Klebsiella, pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, streptococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and fungal species include Candidas, WLP, WFB, ML2, and TLGW.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different irrigation methods and mulching materials on yield and water use efficiency of Yellow Stone chili pepper and Kaptan capia pepper cultivars under greenhouse conditions. There were 5 different irrigation treatments: regular drip irrigation without mulching (DI), black water pillow (BLACKWP), blue water pillow (BLUEWP), drip irrigation + black mulching (DI+BLACKM), drip irrigation + blue mulching (DI+BLUEM). Yield per hectare, yield per plant, number of fruits per plant, number of fruits per unit area, irrigation water productivity (IWP), water productivity (WP) and weed development were assessed in this study The greatest yield values of Kaptan capia pepper cultivar were obtained from DI+BLUEM treatment (38.7 t ha-1) in the first year and from BLACKWP treatment (42.7 t ha-1) in the second year. In Yellow stone chili pepper cultivar, the greatest yield was obtained from BLUEWP treatment (33.8 t ha-1) in the first year and from DI+BLACKM treatment (31.7 t ha-1) in the second year. The lowest yield values were obtained from DI treatments (27.3, 22.0, 30.5, 23.4 t ha-1, respectively). DI treatments were significantly different from the other treatments. As compared to drip irrigation, water pillows and drip+mulching treatments had about 36% greater yields in Kaptan capia pepper and around 40% in Yellow Stone chili pepper. Differences in yields of water pillows, drip + mulching treatments and different color mulching materials were not found to be significant. Water pillows and drip+mulching treatments had about 38% less water use than DI treatments. Weeds were encountered only in DI treatments. Total irrigation duration was 2010 minutes in DI treatments, 860 minutes in drip+mulching treatments and 56 minutes in water pillow treatments. Extra energy was used in drip and drip+mulching treatments, but not used in water pillows.

The aim in this study was to evaluate the effects of topdressing potassium sources associated or not with sowing fertilization with Ekosil™ on Cantaloupe melon physicochemical traits. The study was conducted in a randomized complete block design, with a 4 × 2 factorial (topdressing potassium nitrate {PN}, potassium chloride {PC}, potassium sulfate {PS} and Ekosil™ {EK}, with or without sowing fertilization with Ekosil™).The evaluated traits were:fresh weight, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), ratio (SS/TA)and pigments (chlorophyll [CL] and carotenoids [CA]).No effect of treatments were observed for pH, CL, and CA (P > 0.05). Interaction of sowing and topdressing fertilization were observed for the other variables (P < 0.005). The FM was greater for PC and EK, with sowing Ekosil™. Without Ekosil™, PS, KN and EK resulted heavier fruits. The SS was grater for PS, when using Ekosil™, and for PS and PC, without sowing fertilization with Ekosil™. The PC and KN resulted in greater TA, and the RA was greater for PS. Under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Pontal do Triângulo Mineiro region, topdressing fertilization with potassium sulfate, without sowing fertilization with Ekosil™,results in heavier and sweeter Cantaloupe melons.

Many pesticides, widely used in agriculture, are produced in batch-reactors which involve strong exothermic reactions and show thermal runaway which are difficult to control. In case of failure of cooling systems, the runaway gets triggered. This results to uncontrolled increase in temperature for adiabatic systems with consequent reactor pressurization due to uncontrollable formation of gases. Finally, safety of the reactor becomes questionable with release of hazardous gases to the environment increasing the pollution. Simultaneous decomposition of the product may lead to an accident requiring emergency environmental disaster management plan. Hence, a model based control system is essential for controlling reactor temperature. In this work, decomposition of 4-Chloro-3-Nitro benzene tri fluoride (CNBTF) in batch reactors is considered for which pressure and time data are used to identify a mathematical model. Three essential parameters are estimated using Kalman filters to validate the model which can be used for controller design purpose. Simulation results comprising of both reactor temperature and pressure profiles are obtained for the effect of cooling failure and other accidental scenarios

This paper explores the cost and benefits analysis on the imposing eco-labelled sustainable fisheries under the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification. This certification is not mandatory, but it can probably trigger Indonesian fisheries export to be excluded from the European Union and USA market. We used two scenarios in our analysis. The first scenario is called baseline condition and the second is by including specific export tax condition to shrimp’s importing countries. Using current data and assume that Indonesia adopts this standard for twenty years, we calculated the net present value and internal rate of return of white shrimps and tiger prawn. Then, we compared our cost and benefit calculation between capture fisheries that are associated with MSC Certification and those fisheries non-MSC certified. Our study concludes that under the baseline scenario, the USA market is more acceptable to Indonesian shrimps exporter in comparison to China, Europe and the Japanese market. The research finding also provides a high potential advantage for Indonesian shrimps business to export their product for European countries if the MSC certification becomes compulsory. Overall, the fishermen will take more benefit from MSC certification in the USA, Japan and EU market from 2 to 13 % higher than an initial project, if the price of shrimps increases from 5 to 20 % and ceteris paribus. Thus, it is suggested that Indonesia’s government should take more action to promote the benefits of the MSC program for sustainability fisheries. This policy is not only feasible for government revenue but also increasing community welfare due to the sustainability work the fishing-companies and their co-workers.

“Mathematics is a universal, utilitarian subject—so much a part of modern life that anyone who wishes to be a fully participating member of society must know basic mathematics. Mathematics also has a more specialized, esoteric, and esthetic side. It epitomizes the beauty and power of deductive reasoning. Mathematics embodies the efforts made over thousands of years by every civilization to comprehend nature and bring order to human affairs” (Findell, Kilpatrick, & Swafford, 2001).\nFractions are a fundamental aspect of mathematics, and a student’s understanding or lack of understanding tends to follow from elementary school through college and to the real world. Fractional understanding chases students in telling time, measuring ingredients for recipes, medication doses, and even splitting of groups of items. Students have always had difficulty understanding fractional concepts. The researcher contends that it is because of the procedural\nmethods used to teach them. Research suggests that teachers who lack a conceptual understanding of fractions are unable to help students understand fractions in ways that allow\nthem to use fractions beyond the classroom. At best, this has led students to be able to divide fractions by the “keep it, change it, flip it” rule, but not recognize when to use division of fractions when the division symbol is not used. This type of understanding is called an instrumental understanding. The researcher believes that teachers with a relational understanding, where they have an interconnected web of ideas for mathematical topics, would\nbe more capable of helping students have a more conceptual understanding of fractions. When\nstudents are able to make sense rather than recall, this will likely alleviate the fear of fractions.\nThe researcher will find out through data collection how little or how much a convenient sample of students understands both conceptually and procedurally about fractions. The project aims to recognize any weaknesses or strengths of prospective teachers concerning their fractional reasoning. The researcher will also utilize available resources, including mathematics teacher educators and the literature on fractions to develop different strategies to teach teachers conceptually so that they can stop the cycle of fraction fear.