Increasing urbanization and industrialization cause soil contamination, affecting agricultural production and the quality of ground and surface water. The present study was performed in residential, industrial, and commercial zones to analyze the effects of spatio-temporal changes in soil properties during the plant\'s root, shoot, and height growth. Sixteen soil samples were collected from each zone. An ornamental plant (Salvia scutellarioides) was used in all soil samples. Soil properties were measured at five different periods in 60 days. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression. On day 0, soils were suitable for plant growth. On day 60, moisture content, porosity, organic matter, Cl, K, and C/N ratio were decreased. The declination of these parameters was greater in industrial soil compared to other soil types. Overall, in industrial soil, plant height decreased by up to 61% compared to residential and 76% compared to commercial. Furthermore, the study revealed that significant anthropogenic load influenced soil quality, which affects plant growth in different soil types.

Several factors, such as, unsustainable use of natural resources, anthropogenic activities, climate change, and global warming etc. are responsible for the loss of biodiversity. Biodiversity loss has resulted in the emergence of infectious diseases to more dangerous levels than the past. This paper discusses the relationship between the loss of biodiversity and the emerging infectious diseases with the examples of Gyps Vulture and Snow Leopards extinction in Pakistan, and Common Bats extinction in North America along with the emergence of zoonoses and its impacts around the world. The paper also discusses the linkages among the globalization, loss of biodiversity, climate change, and changing nature of diseases with some emphasis on economic stability and instability of communities. Emergence of disease and the impacts of biodiversity loss due to the absence of vector specie have also been considered in this paper.

Trigonometry plays a major role in our society. Trigonometry is the study of triangles and the relationship between the measures of its angles and sides. In this research, we will provide information concerning the misconceptions of basic concepts in trigonometry. The study will also identify whether students have a conceptual understanding of those concepts or just a surface level understanding. The study will provide information concerning the misconceptions of trigonometry in math courses that could help fellow educators.

In recent years, internationally, there has been an increasing the number of outbreaks of fresh vegetables-associated foodborne illness and efforts are being made to resolve these problems. Contamination of fresh vegetables with antibiotic-resistant pathogens is a major public health hazard. We conducted retail surveys to obtain the first estimates information on the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in a wide range of produce available in the Kyiv city (Ukraine) markets. Fresh vegetables samples (n = 13,694) for six different commodity groups were collected between 2017 and 2019. The prevalence of bacterial contamination in the commodities examined was generally very high (24.3%). The contamination among organic produce was significantly higher than in conventionally products. Contamination was found to be higher in leafy vegetables. Samples were tested for up to eight bacteria of concern. The predominant contaminated bacteria were: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp. and Enterococcus faecalis, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter spp. Research has shown that fresh vegetables are a reservoir and vehicle for the transmission of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. The overall proportion of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production among Enterobacteriaceae was 36.8% and of methicillin-resistance in S. aureus (MRSA) 10.7%. The prevalence of ESBL production among E. coli isolates was significantly higher than in K. pneumoniae. Vancomycin resistance was observwd in 3.1% of isolated enterococci (VRE). Carbapenem resistance was identified in 35.3% of P.aeruginosa isolates and 66.8% of Acinetibacter spp. isolates. Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was observed in 9.7% K. pneumoniae and E.coli in 14.2% isolates. Research has shown that fresh vegetables are a reservoir and vehicle for the transmission of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. These findings provide valuable baseline information that can support food safety decisions, and confirm that the vast majority of fresh vegetables available on the Kyiv city markets are no safe in terms of bacteriological hazards.

In order to find some stress tolerant species capable for creating vegetation cover in paper mill dump sites and other wastelands, a vegetation composition study was conducted in a paper mill dump site. We found seven plant species viz., Calotropsis gigantea L., Casia sophera L., Chromolaena odorata L., Clerodendrum serratum L., Mikania scandens L., Ricinus communis L. and Solanum myriacanthum L. In order to correlate the existence of these plants with stress condition of soil, we assessed the level of phytotoxicity in the dump site by studying seed germination status, proline accumulation, leaf relative water content (RWC), leaf pH, total chlorophyll content and ascorbic acid level of Ricinus communis L. as bioassay indices. Significantly lower percentage of seed germination in dump site soil, compared to control, revealed the phytotoxic nature of the soil of the dump site. Significantly higher level of proline, RWC, total chlorophyll and ascorbic acid in plant leaves from dump sites than from the control soils indicated considerable stress burden in the dumpsite. Soil physico-chemical analyses and nutrient status analyses substantiated with the bioassay results. Despite of apparent phytotoxicity and stress burden, presence of the certain plant species in the dumpsite indicate their inherent stress tolerance capability.

Introduction: Non-specific low back pain is defined as low back pain not attributable to a recognizable, known specific pathology (eg, infection, tumour, osteoporosis, lumbar spine fracture, structural deformity, inflammatory disorder,radicular syndrome, or cauda equina syndrome. Low back pain is defined as the pain which is localized between 12th rib and inferior gluteal folds with or without leg pain. Despite the large number of pathologic conditions that can give rise to LBP, 85% of cases are without a detected pathoanatomic / radiological abnormality. This population is classified as having “nonspecific” LBP, which often develops into a chronic fluctuating problem with intermittent flares. Several therapeutic interventions are available for its treatment. From among all the interventions, many evidences are available to support Classic trunk exercises and PNF, but the short term treatment effects were not well known. \n\nOBJECTIVES: To investigate and compare the effectiveness of Classic Trunk Exercises and PNF in reducing pain and disability in chronic nonspecific low back pain patients.\n\nMETHOD: This was a comparative study, 30 subjects (15 in control group, 15 in experimental group) within the age group of 20-50 years were considered for this study by using randomised sampling procedure. Control group underwent Classic Trunk Exercises and Experimental group underwent PNF techniques for a period of 4 weeks. Both the groups were assessed before and after the intervention to determine the extent of reduction in the level of pain and disability using VAS Scale and MODQ for low back respectively.\n\nRESULTS: The data were analyzed by the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test and Mann Whitney U Test. The difference between the two groups were tested using Mann Whitney U Test. Comparison of VAS score for both experimental and control group showed Z =\n2.296 (p = 0.022) and of MODQ score for both the groups showed Z = 2.092 (p = 0.031) which was significant statistically. These test result showed significant decrease in pain and disability in experimental group than the control group.\n\nCONCLUSION: This study indicates that PNF techniques were effective in the reduction of pain and disability than the Classic trunk exercises in Chronic Low Back Pain patients.

Genetic diversity is prerequisite for any breeding plan. Genetic diversity along with phenotypic diversity provides the chance to select the genotypes with multiple good traits simultaneously. To find out the genetic diversity among 45 accessions of Gossypium hirstum, 44 Simple sequences repeats (SSR) and expressed sequence tag SSRs (EST-SSR) were used (from BNL, DPL, JESPER and NAU series). Total of 222 alleles were produced with an average of 4.9 alleles per primer. Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) value was ranged from 0.16 to 0.19 with a mean value of 0.76. Pair-wise genetic estimation based on Nei 1973 ranged from 0.50 to 0.96, with an average 0.79. In bootstrap cluster analysis maximum accession falls into a single cluster indicating low genetic diversity. Positive correlation among phenotypic traits ranged from 0.001 to 0.99 while, negative correlation from -0.004 to -026. Principle components analysis (PCA) analyses generate the 7 PCs components contributing 71.1%. Maximum variation contributed by PC1 is 14.3. Cluster analysis grouped the 45 accession into 4 clusters. Twenty nine out of 45 genotypes fall in a single cluster. Phenotipycally CIM-707 showed maximum diversity while, genotypically CIM-707 showed little resemblance with CIM-600, CIM-132 and CIM-622. Low genetic diversity was observed among both genetic and phenotypic as maximum accessions shears the same group. This study helps for selecting diverse accessions with multiple phenotypic traits simultaneously. This also suggests furthering elaborating the molecular genetic diversity by using more SSR marker to improve the resolution of upland cotton for good breeding plans.

Morphological characteristics of C. cassia Presl (CK) and C. cassia Presl var. macrophyllum Chu (Var) are extremely similar. To achieve a precise distinction, the method to distinguish these two kinds of cinnamon was developed by analyzing the morphological characteristics and transection microstructures of barks, branches and leaves. Experimental results showed that the distinction of morphological characteristics between CK and Var are mainly on the sprouts color, as well as the section and surface characteristics of barks after they were peeled off. The results of transection microstructures indicated that the major difference on the anatomical structure of bark transection is stone cells: CK is arrayed interruptedly, while Var is linked consecutively into a ring shape. Leaf anatomical structure indexes of Var such as the thickness of leaf, lower epidermis, spongy tissue, xylem and midrib are significantly greater than those of CK. Combination of macroscopic and microscopic identification could achieve the goal to distinguish CK and Var accurately, which provides evidence for clear cinnamon distinction.