The main objective of the study is to analyze the efficiency of resource use levels in corn production using the Data Envelopment Analysis method in Almaty region, Kazakhstan. In the course of the study, data were collected from 96 farmers growing corn in the Almaty region by proportional sampling using a face-to-face survey. According to the research results: the average of maize production area in the farms is 112.63 ha. It was determined that the average maize production amount was 961192.91 kg, and the maize yield per hectare was 8534.07 kg. The average corn price received by the farmers is 0,080 $/kg. Average maize production cost per hectare was calculated as 222,18 $. Average net profit per hectare from maize production has been determined as 462,64 $. It has been determined that the most important criterion for the farmers in selecting and using inputs is the input price. According to the efficiency analysis results, the average efficiency of 96 maize farmers was calculated as 0.74 under the assumption of constant return to scale and 0.95 under the assumption of variable return to scale. A data coverage method was used to analyze the efficiency of the use of inputs in corn production. In Data Envelopment Analysis, data were analyzed according to the CRS (Constant Return to Scale) and VRS (Variable Return to Scale) models, and estimates were made according to both models in the analysis. According to both model assumptions, efficiency results for the input were obtained. In an input-driven model approach, target results can be achieved with minimal use of input resources. It was determined that the most important criterion for farmers in the selection and use of inputs is the cost of inputs. According to the results of the efficiency analysis, the average efficiency of 96 corn farmers was calculated as 0.74 assuming constant returns to scale and 0.95 assuming variable returns to scale.

Lipid characteristics of oil extracted from visceral wastes of Claris macrocephalus and Scomber scombrus were assessed using gas chromatography. The results confirmed the presence of C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, C22:6 as the major fatty acid. Titus fish head (TFHD) oil had a total saturated fatty acid (TSFA) of 40.804±0.002 of which C16:0 and C18:0 were the most dominant fatty acids present while the total monounsaturated fatty (TMUFA) acids present in the oil was 33.853±0.001. The total polyunsaturated fatty acid (TPUFA) content of the Titus fish head (TFHD) oil sample was found to be 25.368±0.002. The results revealed that the total unsaturated fatty acid (TUFA) present in the Titus fish head (TFHD) is higher than the total saturated fatty acid (TSFA). The results obtained for Titus fish gills (TFGL) oil sample followed the same trend as observed in the head sample. The result findings showed that the four (4) oil samples contain high level of palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) both of which are saturated fatty acids (SFA). The main MUFA identified was C18:1 (cis-6) and ranged from 14.120±0.004, to 20.418±0.002 for TFHD, TFGL, CFHD and CFGL respectively and oleic acid (C18:1) which also ranged from 10.297±0.001 to 11.570±0.003 for TFHD, TFGL, CFHD and CFGL, respectively. Oils of Scomber scombrus samples showed higher saponification values than Claris macrocephalus suggesting more suitability for soap production. Oil samples of all four samples are reasonably good for consumption.

In this study, the effect of different stages of ripening, i.e. unripe, semi-ripe and ripe, on quality parameters of oils extracted from the kernels of Mango (Magnifera indica) seeds was investigated. The kernels were oven-dried and oil extracted from them using soxhlet apparatus and n-hexane as solvent. The fatty acid profile, phospholipids, sterol contents and some chemical properties such as saponification value, peroxide value, iodine value and acid value of oils obtained from the seeds at different level of maturity were determined. The results show that the oils are rich in saturated fatty acid most especially stearic and palmitic acids varying from 34.36 - 37.86% and 8.84 -10.66 % respectively. The predominant unsaturated fatty acid present in the oils is oleic acid ranging from 41.96 – 45.65 %. For the chemical parameters, the peroxide values (1.82 - 2.23 %) meq/Kg, acid values (5.00 – 5.50) mg/KOH/g decreased with fruit maturity. For phospholipids, phosphatidyl choline (380 – 451 mg/100g) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (217.42 - 342.63 mg/100g) having the highest quantities, they all increased with fruit maturity except sphingomyelin and phosphatidic acid. Stigmasterol, sitosterol and cholesterol contents of the oils decreased with fruit maturity while Δ-5-avenasterol, campesterol and the cholestanol contents increased with fruit maturity. Sitosterol and stigmasterol and had the highest values at 345.81 - 386.96 mg/100g and 83.70 – 137.09 mg/100g respectively. Conclusively, the kernel oils have potential for use as domestic and industrially as a non-conventional source of vegetable oil in chocolate and confectionery products.

5-Bromo anthranilic acid is a complex-forming reagents and was condensed with 1-(5-benzoyl-1H-1,2,3-benzotriazole-1-yl)2-chloroethanone molecule to formed 2-{[2-(5-benzoyl-1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl]amino}-5-bromobenzoic acid (L-1). The newly synthesized ligands and their complexes with first transition series metals have been prepared and were analyzed and characterized by using different methods such as elemental analysis, infrared and electronic spectra. The IR spectra, NMR spectra, and atomic absorption analysis show that the benzotriazole ligand forming chelates with 2:1 (Ligand: Metal) stochiometry. The main objective of this research paper is to synthesized novel NovelCu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II), and Mn(II) Complexes of Benzotriazole Ligands and screening their antibacterial activity. Triazoles have outstanding biological and medical implication, and occupy unique place in the organic chemistry and our lives. Metal complexes were screened antibacterial activity against gram-positive and negative bacteria. The metal complexes showed significant antibacterial activity. Cu(II) metal complexes showed highest antibacterial activity among all the synthesized metal complexes.

We aimed to determine the impact of farmers’ guti urea technology adoption on farm productivity in the Rajbari District of Bangladesh. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to obtain a total of 400 samples including 181 (45.25%) adopters and 219 (54.75%) non-adopters using a pre-canvassing structured survey schedule for farmers through personal interviews. In addition, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were conducted to obtain qualitative information. To analyze the collected data, descriptive statistics, probit regression, and Heckman\'s two-stage model were used. In the first stage, a binary regression model was applied to examine the factors determining the participation of farmers in the use of guti urea technology. In the second stage, treatment effect was assessed by the Heckman\'s two-stage model to identify the impact of the farmers’ participation on the adoption of guti urea technology. The inverse Mill\'s ratio coefficient indicates the presence of selection bias and the efficacy of applying the two-stage Heckman model. The results show that the involvement of farmers in the use of guti urea technology has a significantly positive impact on farm productivity. The analysis also shows that a 1% increase in adoption of guti urea technology contributes to a significant increase in farm productivity when other factors remain the same. We conclude that there is room for further increases in farm productivity through planned guti urea technology adoption in crop production. We recommend that the policy makers and authority expand the use and ensure the accessibility of guti urea as well as disseminate knowledge through the development of training opportunities for farmers to increase and enhance the reach of guti urea adoption amongst farmers. The results imply that the provision of complementary services is necessary in addition to the adoption of guti urea to achieve the aim of improving productivity.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different sowing dates on fatty acids composition and oil quality factors of Virginia type peanut variety (Halisbey) grown in Cukurova region. This study was conducted in 2018 and 2019 at the experimental area of the Cukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture in Adana-Turkey. The seeds were sown at seven different dates in each two years. The experiment was designed a randomized complete block design with three replications. The plants were harvested 160 days after sowing beginning of 8 September in both years. Oil content, fatty acids composition and oil quality factors of peanut seed were investigated. According to a two-year average, the differences between the sowing dates were significant for the oil content, oleic, linoleic, palmitic, stearic and linolenic acids percentage and O/L ratio of peanut grown at different sowing dates. The results indicated that the data belonging to oil content (43.59-48.04%), oleic (53.09-55.35%), linoleic (26.20-27.61%), arachidic (1.37-1.52%) and behenic (2.42-2.82%) acids percentage and O/L ratio (1.92-2.12) were increased when the sowing date was delayed. On the other hand, palmitic (9.49-10.30%), stearic (2.59-3.06%) and linoleic (0.44-0.59%) acids percentage and IV value (92.99-94.46) was decreased with delaying of sowing date.

Drought is an important type of climate extreme that negatively affects crop production. Therefore, in order to meet the dietary requirements of the rising human population with diminishing water resources, there is the need to adopt techniques that optimize crop yield under reduced water conditions. The use of mulches and Partial root-zone drying irrigation (PRI) is imperative to increase crop yield under such low water conditions. Therefore a greenhouse experiment was carried out to determine the effect of mulching and reduced irrigation on wheat production in a semi-arid region (Bahawalpur, Pakistan). The experiment included four mulching treatments (un-mulched, black plastic sheet mulch, wheat straw mulch and cotton sticks mulch) and two watering regimes (normal watering and PRI technique that involves alternate watering to only one side of root zone only) arranged in a completely randomized design. Wheat growth (leaf area index, plant height), water related parameters (leaf relative water contents, leaf turgor potential) and physiological (chlorophyll contents, stomatal oscillation and photosynthetic rate) and biochemical processes were significantly higher with mulching than un-mulched for both irrigation levels. However, among the mulching treatments, the use of black plastic mulch gave the best results. Between the two irrigation levels, higher wheat growth, physiological and water related parameters were found with normal watering. Whereas leaf osmotic potential, quality traits and antioxidant enzymatic activities were higher with PRI. In conclusion, the harmful impacts of water deficit on wheat can be mitigated significantly with the application of mulches, particularly the use of black plastic mulch, with PRI.

Angora goat is a small body size goat breed with white coat colour, horned and dropped ears. The study was conducted to characterize the trends of annual Angora goats and mohair production in South Africa between 1981 to 1987. Secondary data from 1981 to 1987 was retrieved from abstract of agricultural statistics which was published by the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development (DLRRD) in 2020 was used. Descriptive statistics, Person’s correlation and three regression techniques (linear, quadratic and exponential) were used for analysis. The results showed that there was an increase and decrease in annual number of Angora goats and mohair production. In annual number of Angora goats, the highest increase (+288) observed between 1984 and 1987 with 17.21 percent (%) and decrease (-75) was observed between 1983 and 1984 with the percentage of 4.29%. In mohair production, the highest increase (+1.8) was observed between 1985 and 1986 with 19.54% and decrease (-0.4) between 1982 and 1983 with 5.26%. The findings discovered that there was a highly positive statistical significant correlation (r = 0.95) between annual number of Angora goats and mohair production between 1981 and 1987. Linear, quadratic and exponential regressions were used to examine the trends and relationships between number of years and annual number of Angora goats, and between number of years and mohair production. Regression models were all statistical significant at P<0.05 in annual number of Angora goats and mohair production. Regression results suggest that quadratic regression model was the best fit model in annual number of Angora goats with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.88 and in mohair production with R2 of 0.94. The current study suggests that there was a trend in annual number of Angora goats and mohair production in South Africa between 1981 and 1987. This study will help Angora goat farmers to recognise the trends in annual number of Angora goats and mohair production.