Over the past decades, the role of agriculture on economic performance has been questioned. Some argue that agriculture is a prerequisite for economic development, while others disagree claiming that modern sectors are a vehicle to economic growth. In contributing to this debate, the study examined the association between agricultural output and economic growth and the factors that improves agricultural output. Thus, the objectives of the study are twofold. The first objective of the study is to determine the factors that influence agricultural output. The second objective is to analyse the effect of agricultural productivity on economic growth. The Autoregressive Distributive model was employed in achieving these two objectives and two models were formulated namely the agricultural output model and the economic performance model. The agricultural output model was positively influenced by the use of fertilizer, agriculture subsidies, research and development, labour, capital and land use. The economic performance model highlights that land productivity and labour productivity are positively related to economic performance. Based on the study’s results, the study recommends the government to spend more agricultural development to boost the agricultural productivity and minimize the effects of climate change.

Many pathogens attack on citrus fruit during storage but Penicillium digitatum is the most devastating one which causes green mold of citrus. Fungicidal use against this disease has health hazardous effects on human beings and environment friendly. So it is need of time to adopt eco-friendly approaches to manage this disease. For this purpose, present study was planned to evaluate antifungal potential of phytoextracts likeThymus vulgaris, Azadirachta indica, Calotropis giganteam, Datura stramonium and their impact on biochemical compounds in fruit. All the plant extracts inhibited the growth of pathogen. Maximum growth inhibition was expressed by application of A. indica (40.6mm) followed by D. stramonium (43.6mm), C. gigantean (51.3mm) and T vulgaris (55mm) at 30% concentration. Application of plant extracts increased the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and total phenolic contents (TPC).

The correlation between fleece weight (FW), mean fibre diameter (MFD), coefficient of variation of mean fibre diameter (CVMFD) and common phenotypic correlations between them of Huacaya alpacas (Vicugna pacos) breed, were estimated on 959 one-year-old animals, under extensive rangeland management conditions. Samples were taken between 2005 and 2018 (male and female), of two coat colors (white and brown), at the Toccra CEDAT-DESCO Alpaca Development Center (Arequipa, Perú). Model were developed an they included year, sex and coat color and their interactions with FW, MDF and CVMDF of alpaca’s fibre under the experimental design was completely randomized with a factorial arrangement of 12×2×2. Statistical significant effect was for year of birth × sex interaction when FW was analyzed while year of birth x color interaction explained MFD and CVMFD variation (p<.001). Phenotypic correlation calculated by Pearson’s coefficient showed that FW was positively correlated with MFD (0.24) while CVMFD was positively correlated with MFD (0.10). Results from this study indicated that the FW was influenced by both year of birth and sex, while MFD and CVMFD were influenced by both year of birth and color. Overall, it was concluded that a genetic progress can be achieved in the huacaya alpaca breed of DESCOSUR genetic improvement program.

Data-driven models like Hadoop have gained tremendous popularity in big data analytics. Though great efforts have been made through the implementation of the Hadoop framework by decoupling of resource management infrastructure which has allowed Hadoop to scale to tens of thousands of commodity cluster processors, the centralized design of metadata management of HDFS has adversely affected Hadoop scalability and has resulted in a performance bottleneck. A single master node called NameNode which manages the entire namespace (all the inodes) of a file system has resulted in a single point of failure, namespace limitation, and load balancing issues in the Hadoop cluster. This paper proposed a rack-aware model where each rack is provided with a Rack_Unit NameNode (RU_NN) to manage namespace of file system and heartbeat communication of DataNodes in its rack. This will reduce load on a single NameNode and will also provide less communication overhead from all DataNodes in the cluster to a single NameNode.

Herein, we report the eco-benevolent synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) by a green process using Polyalthia longifolia leaves extract (PLLE). Phytochemical screening of the PLLE showed the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides and phenols. To determine its structural, morphological and optical properties, the obtained CuONPs were explored by using XRD, FESEM, EDAX, HRTEM, BET-surface area, UV–DRS, photoluminescence and FTIR. Besides, these CuONPs evinced noteworthy antibacterial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, S. pyogenus and good antifungal activity against C. albicans, A. niger, A. clavatus and E. floccosum. The results revealed the successful eco-benign synthesis of CuONPs by sustainable green chemistry approach may provide a useful alternative to orthodox multistep strategies for the creation of CuONPs.

Cenchrus ciliaris is a potential forage grass that widely grows in saline desert conditions. To examine anatomical characteristics relating to ionic and nutritional contents in response of salinity, Cenchrus ciliaris population was collected from the naturally salt affected region of the Cholistan Desert, Pakistan. The experiment was planned in completely randomized design (CRD) with four replication and four treatment levels (0, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl) in a hydroponic system. After six months of growth in nutrient solution anatomical characteristics relating to ionic and nutritional traits were studied. The results revealed that high salinity caused reduction in fresh and dry biomass while it significantly increased concentration of Na+ and Cl- ions in root and stem but decreased K+ and Ca++ ions. Salt stress induced anatomical modification in root and stem that might be helped the species to survive under hot saline conditions. In root, increased in sclerification and increased parenchyma in pith and cortex thickness might be checked the water loss and enhanced the water storage capacity in stress conditions respectively. In case of stem increased in sclerenchyma thickness, number of vascular bundles and its area might be used to prevent water loss and increased water and solute conduction. Various nutritional traits such as crude protein, ash content, relative feed value and net energy of lactation slightly improved with salinity. The results indicated that C. ciliaris can tolerate moderate to high salt stress by maintaining its forage parameters and nutrient composition. So it can be grown to maximize forage production in the saline desert conditions.

Bacterial leaf blight disease caused by Xanthomonasoryzaepv. oryzae(Xoo) leads to severe infection in rice crop by various virulence factors. Among those factors toxin production may be one of them. To study the toxin as virulence factor Xoo was cultured on wakimoto media for 3 days and then specialized media for 7 days. After incubation for 5 days at room temperature the culture was centrifuged and filter through filter assembly with the sieve size of 45mm. The filtrate was used as stock solution. The effect of toxin produced in the filtrate on seed germination and seedlings was tested with stock solution, its dilutions (1:10, 1:100). Single colony culture incubated for 72hrs was also used directly to check its effect on seeds germination and seedlings of seven advance commercial varieties of rice. It was revealed that seed germination and seedling of all varieties were badly affected by 100% stock solution and culture filtrate. The Xoo toxin was recorded as phytotoxic which is the one of the virulence factors in disease production.