Introduction (Objective)\nPathophysiological mechanisms underlying generation of hippocampal spike is unknown. We analyzed interictal epileptiform activities intraoperatively recorded from the hippocampus and other temporal regions of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).\n\nMethods\nEleven TLE patients with (N=6) or without (N=5) hippocampal sclerosis were included in this study. All of the patients underwent CT, MR Imaging and video-EEG monitoring before the operation for localizing seizure onset and diagnosed as having unilateral mesial temporal lobe focus. After opening the anterior horn of lateral ventricle, recording was made under sevoflurane anesthesia using intrahippocampal multiple electrodes, hippocampal surface electrodes and temporo basal subdural electrodes.\n\nResults\n(1) Frequency of intrahippocampal spike was always higher than spikes from other areas. \n(2) Intrahippocampal recording demonstrated that there was phase reversal in sclerotic hippocampi but there was not in nonsclerotic hippocampi.\n(3) Even one transection perpendicular to the long axis desynchronized hippocampal spike.\n\nConclusion\nWe speculate that the phase reversal occurred at the hippocampal sulcus and the subiculum was the spike generator in sclerotic hippocampus. Mechanisms underlying spike generation is likely to be different between sclerotic hippocampi and nonsclerotic hippocampi. Longitudinal synchronization may be essential for generation of hippocampal spikes.

En este trabajo se presenta material empírico sobre el papel de los canaleros en un sistema de riego en México a lo largo de un período de dos décadas. La infraestructura de canal abierto está equipada con compuertas y tomas manuales y ajustables. Durante el período de observación, tanto la gestión de la configuración y la infraestructura del canal han cambiado. El caso del canalero muestra cómo personal de campo de bajo rango juega un papel importante en la programación y la aplicación de la distribución del agua. El canalero emerge como un actor clave que hace que el sistema funcione. Los canaleros han creado su propio campo de acción semiautónomo: un ámbito de competencia del que derivan cierto grado de autoridad.\nLos hallazgos de este estudio de caso se comparan con fuentes publicadas relevantes, complementadas con entrevistas electrónicas con expertos y expertas. En los canales de riego abiertos de pequeña y mediana escalas con dispositivos de riego flexibles y operados de forma manual, existen posiciones similares a la del canalero. Los operadores del canal parecen jugar un papel clave similar; sin embargo, no existe ninguna revisión sistemática o análisis comparativo de su posición. En este trabajo se hace una primera contribución a explicar por qué el personal sobre el terreno puede desempeñar importantes funciones y por qué continuará haciéndolo.

Application of organic systems on food commodities, especially rice still becomes an issue between the effort to increase production with the use of chemical fertilizers or pesticides (agrochemical products) and the effort to preserve nature in order to control the agrochemical products. Our objective was to determine the technical and application of organic food systems in rice agribusiness in the local level, to analyze the pattern of economic and institutional structures in agribusiness, to analyze the feasibility of farming, to analyze the support of government and stakeholders in agribusiness and prospects and strategies of rice agribusiness development.\nDecision of the Research Sites used the purposive methode, the location were in Blitar, Kediri, Bondowoso, Tulungagung and Malang. The data used were the primary data and the secondary data. Analysis methods of data analysis included: (1) Descriptive; (2) Efficiency Analysis; (3) Analysis of revenues; and (4) a SWOT Analysis.\nThe results of this study are technically in District of Bondowoso, Malang, Kediri and Tulungagung in the activities of rice farming have implemented the organic systems, whereas in Blitar is still under semi-organic, the pattern of economic institutional of agribusiness commodity on rice organic and semi-organic consist of: (a) institutional of production facility, (b) farming institutional/ production processes; (C) post-harvest institutional and product processing; (D) the marketing institutional of the products; and (e) institutional of support services. The feasibility of rice organic farming, using the income approach shows that farming activities in the areas of study are economically viable or profitable; the form of government support and the stake holder support to the organic rice agribusiness in the study areas are as the establishment of development centers, the facilitation of alsintan, SLPTT and the organic certification. In Bondowoso and Malang, organic rice commodities have prospective opportunities, and producers (farmers) are strong enough to develop it. In Tulungagung and Blitar, it also has strong manufacturers to produce the products, but the opportunity are threatened. In Kediri, the product has prospective opportunities, but the producers are not strong enough to conduct it.

Background: Azoles has been used traditionally for many centuries. Some impressive therapeutic qualities have been discovered. Aim: Our study aims to investigate in vivo antitumor, and antioxidant activities of Ethanolic Azoles. Also, to study the side effects of Azoles on different organs (Liver/ Kidney). Materials & Methods: We assessed the effect of Azoles on life span prolongation and on the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), Catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Caspase-3, and Cytochrome c. Also, our study estimated their effect on Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Total Protein (T.P), Albumin (Alb), bilirubin, urea and creatinine. Results: Azoles showed great increase in life span. Also, they showed a significant decrease in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide and an increase in catalase, glutathione peroxidase, caspase-3 activities, and cytochrome c concentration. Hence, it may be possible that Azoles decrease lipid peroxidation level due to their antioxidant effect and enhance apoptosis process. Azoles showed no side effects on liver and kidney. Also, they showed a significant protection for both liver and kidney histopathologically

Gracilaria is one of the Rhodophyta, it has an economic value and major aquaculture commodity in Indonesia which the production had increased between 2010 and 2014. Agar is one of the hydrocolloid extracts from Gracilaria, which the quality depends on the strain, cultivation methods and the water quality. The purpose of this study was to determine effect of depth and planting distance on growth and agar content of seaweed using the long line method. This research was conducted in February-April 2019 at the Jepara Brackishwater Aquaculture Center (BBPBAP). A factorial randomized design was selected to lay out the trial consist of the factor; they were D for depth (20, 40 and 60 cm) and J for planting distance (30, 40, and 50 cm) with 50 g of initial weight. After 45 days of cultivation, the Specific Growth Rate (SGR) agar content, and nitrate and phosphate uptake were determined. The Specific Growth Rate (SGR) analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan Test respectively. Based on the results, the highest SGR was found on 20 cm of the depth and 30 cm of the planting distance (D1J2): 2,15 ± 0,20 % day-1, the highest agar contents 14,29 % was obtained at the depth of 20 and the planting distance of 30 cm and 40 cm (D1J1 and D1J2), the highest nitrate and phosphate uptake at 9 days of the beginning of maintenance period of seaweed was 190.15 mg g-1 Gracilaria day-1 and 75.26 mg g-1 Gracilaria day-1. Analyses of water quality parameters revealed that the study site was favorable to support the growth of the seaweed.

Despite global legislative and regulatory efforts to ensure sustainable food safety and security, mycotoxins remain a challenge affecting staple food commodities such as maize and other cereals in South Africa. We reviewed mycotoxin contamination of maize, maize-associated food products and other cereals to emphasis the need for continuous monitoring and management in South Africa, a major producer of maize in sub-Saharan Africa. A scoping review was conducted on mycotoxins contamination of maize, maize-related products and cereals; and associated health implications in South Africa. Literature search was done for articles and reports published on mycotoxins from 1980 to 2016 in databases based on Arksey and O’Malley guidelines. A total of 36 (40.9%) eligible mycotoxin-related articles/reports out of 88 were retrieved as per research question “that defines to what extend the South African population is exposed to mycotoxins, and why”. The most recurrent mycotoxins found in South African maize and other cereal commodities were fumonisins (FBs) followed by aflatoxins (AFs). The levels of some FBs and AFs were as high as 140480 µg/kg and 762 µg/kg respectively. The study revealed FBs and AFs are the main mycotoxins in cereals and related products in South Africa. Therefore, adopting effective, sustainable and scalable measures in limiting mycotoxin contamination is critical and relevant in mitigating food insecurity and the health burden associated with mycotoxicosis. Training of farmers and other stakeholders on good hygiene practices in the cereal food chain is important.

The quality of soil and its capacity to provide ecosystem functions or services depend on soil hydraulic properties. Forty (40) soil core samples were collected at two depths; 0-15cm and 15-30 cm from two selected or distinct land use types; sorghum cropland and fallow land to determine how land use and soil depth moderate or influence soil hydraulic properties in Koupendri catchment, north west of Benin Republic. Similarly, forty (40) auger soil samples were collected at monthly intervals for three months for soil moisture content determination. Additional 20 soil samples were collected using core for determination of water retention characteristics. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using GENSTAT. The results showed that soil hydraulic properties\nespecially saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), available water capacity (AWC), and soil water retention characteristics (SWRC) at 0 bar, 0.3 bar and 1 bar as well as bulk density (BD) and total porosity (TP) were significantly (p<0.05) affected by land use. It was also shown that the effect of land use on soil water retention characteristics decreased with depth increment.Similarly, there were significant (p<0.05) effect of depth on soil hydraulic properties e.g., BD, Ksat, TP, water retention\ncharacteristics at 0 bar, and volumetric soil moisture content. The interaction of land use and depth had a significant (p<0.05) effect on BD, Ksat and TP. The study concluded that both land use and depth played a significant role in moderating soil hydraulic properties of Koupendri catchment.

Classification of imbalanced data is a well explored issue in data mining community where one class representation is overwhelmed on other classes. In presence of imbalance in data sets, traditional classifiers have to sacrifice with their performances. This paper suggests a weighted nearest neighbor approach in fuzzy manner to deal with this issue. K nearest neighbor is a non-parametric classification method which is mostly used in machine learning problems. Fuzzy classification with nearest neighbor clears the belongingness of an instance into classes and optimal weights with improved nearest neighbor concept helps to correctly classify imbalanced data. Results show that it performs well over existing fuzzy nearest neighbor strategy.