Erwinia herbicola is one of the few microorganisms which simultaneously produces vitamins such as vitamin A and E. Vitamin A is involved in many functions such as the immune system, vision, reproduction, cellular communication, cell growth and differentiation and is essential for vision as it is an important component of retinal receptors, while vitamin E has an antioxidant properties that can increase skin capillary resistance, improve blood circulation, and adjust fertility function, anti-aging effect. Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb), is a bacterial hemoglobin, give in the advanced phases of the culture to cells the ability to better oxygen-uptake, grow and proliferate. The VHb/vgb system has beneficial effects on heterologous organisms. In this study was investigated the intracellular and extracellular production of vitamin A and E in E. herbicola and its recombinant strains (vgb- and vgb+) in the three different M9 medium with supplemented 0.1% glucose, 0.1% fructose and 0.1% sucrose. Additionally, the viable cell number and total cell mass (OD600) measured the wild type and the recombinant strains in these medium. The VHb expressing strain and vgb- strain had lower viable cell number and total cell mass than its host. The expression of VHb enhanced vitamin A under different carbon conditionals. Especially, in the vgb+ strain (Eh[pUC8:15]) containing the vgb gene, the production of total vitamin in 0.1% glucose medium was recorded as 0.14 µg/ml, while the production in fructose and sucrose media was recorded as 0.07 µg/ml. On the other hand, the production of intracellular vitamin E in the wild type (0.025 µg/ml) was about 13-fold (0.002 µg/ml) higher than vgb+ recombinant strain. The vgb+ strain, grown in this medium, showed about 2-fold higher the extracellular vitamin E production than host strain.
This paper provides data on the behaviour of some new soft wheat lines created by Agroarfa (Albania), in two cultivation environments, respectively in Lushnje (Albania) and Istog (Kosovo). From the yield data of the lines result noticeable changes in terms of average yield, as well as from line to line. Some of the lines like; AF19-65 and AF-08 do not show significant differences between the two test areas, which shows that these are characterized by a better stability in terms of production. Generally, the lines with higher yields such as AF19-64, AF19-06, etc., are characterized by more pronounced differences between areas.
In this study, we used a household level survey to access farmers’ preferences, choices of varieties and demand for improved cassava varieties. A multivariate probit model was used to determine the determinants of choice decisions of the farmers for different varieties preventing potential endogeneity and measurement error. A Linearized Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS) model was used to analyze the demand system for improved cassava varieties. We found that high yielding, high CMD resistance, simplicity to recognize improved varieties were the top preferences given to improved cassava varieties. The results of the (LA/AIDS) model indicated farmers were very price sensitive to changes in improved stem prices and incomes. We suggest that intervention program that will improve the purchasing power of the farmers should be targeted towards the smallholder cassava farmers to accelerate adoption of improved cassava varieties