Eichhornia diversifolia is an especially beautiful stem aquatic plant commonly used in aquascape designs. A design to arrange variety of ornamental aquatic plants in the aquarium creates beautiful formation in the water medium. E. diversifolia has a high potential value and is highly favoured by ornamental Aquatic plant hobbyists. Conventional propagation in nature is not possible because environmental factors that do not support the success of propagation, particularly water pollution in river. This study is aimed at propagating E. diversifolia by in vitro techniques using roots as propagation material. The multiplication of shoots is one of the important stages in micropropagation. Increasing the number of shoots can be done by culturing the media containing cytokinin. The aim this study is to obtain optimal concentrations of cytokinins for in vitro multiplication E.diversifolia shoot. We used MS (1962) basal medium with BAP, Kinetin and 2iP at various concentrations i.e. 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg / L. The rate of shoot multiplication increases with the increasing level of cytokinin concentration. But optimal results were obtained on MS media supplemented with BA 0.2 mg / L where the shoot height, number of shoots and leaves were higher. BA at concentration of 0.3 mg / L reduced the number of shoots formation with slower growth. . MS+ IBA 0.3 mg/l medium was the best medium for root induction of E. diversifolia, the roots produced were more numerous and longer than the other treatments.

The adsorption isotherms of water on ZnO present two sub-steps in the monolayer coverage. Many studies of the system H2O-ZnO have been conducted to explain this specificity. The various interpretations advanced by the authors seem to be not totally convincing. We investigate this system to bring a more realistic interpretation to the observed two sub-steps in the isotherm of water on ZnO. An adsorption isotherm of H2O on ZnO, pretreated at high temperature, was measured both in adsorption mode and desorption way at T=273.16K.The two sub-steps are correlated to the adsorption of H2O molecules respectively on polar and nonpolar surfaces of ZnO. The adsorbed volume of water at the top of each sub-step is in good proportion with the area of the adsorbing surfaces of ZnO. It appears from the shape of the isotherm, measured in adsorption mode, that H2O molecules cover firstly the polar faces of ZnO then adsorption took place on nonpolar faces of the substrate. This assumption is supported by the free enthalpy excess determined from the isotherm.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect feed restriction, time of feeding and feed additives during the periods of heat stress on broiler Chickens. One-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were reared using standard management practices. On day 21 of age, 700 chickens were randomly selected and distributed into 7 experimental treatments, each treatment was replicated 4 times (25 chickens/replication). The treatment groups were one thermo-neutral (TN) group (21±1 ºC) and six heat stress groups (35 ºC ±1). The heat stress (HS) groups were exposed to intermittent heat exposure from 12:00 PM to 16:00 PM for 14 successive days. The treatments (T) were as follow: (T1) TN fed the control diet, (T2) HS fed the control diet, (T3) HS fed the control diet with restricted access to feed from 11:00 AM to 16:00 PM, (T4) HS fed the control diet and access the diet during night only (from 19:00 PM to 7:00 AM), (T5) HS fed the control diet + sodium bi-carbonate (5g/kg), (T6) HS fed the control diet + vitamin C (200 mg/kg), and (T7) HS fed the control diet + zinc (100 mg/kg). Heat stress significantly impaired (P<0.05) all performance parameters of T2 throughout the study period. Night feeding and sodium bi-carbonate treatments improved (P<0.05) all performance parameters and were the most efficient treatments to maintain normal performance compared with the other HS treatments. Similar trends were observed in carcass dressing percentages. The maximum (P<0.05) mortality rate (26%) was exhibited by the HS treatment fed the control diet, while the night feeding and sodium bi-carbonate treatment recorded the minimum (P<0.05) mortality rate (6%). All HS treatments exhibited (P<0.05) an enormous increase in rectal temperature (Tr) during day 1 of heat exposure except the night feeding strategy that showed Tr similar to the TN group. This trend continued toward the end of the study. The minimum (P<0.05) levels of cortisol were measured in the night feeding and the vitamin C treatments. Heat stress decreased (P<0.05) the anti-body titers of infectious bronchitis (IB), Newcastle disease (ND), avian influenza (AI), and infectious bursal disease (IBD). From day 7 to day 14 of heat exposure, the maximum (P<0.05) IB titers were measured in the thermo-neutral, night feeding and zinc treatments, with no significant differences among other treatments. In conclusion, to combat the negative impacts of heat stress on performance and welfare of broiler chickens, it is recommended to apply the night feeding strategy. Sodium bi-carbonate would be a helpful additive. To enhance birds’ immunity during periods of heat stress, dietary zinc would be an applicable practice.

The effects of drying methods such as infrared, ambient condation, microwave and convectional and different dosage gamma irradiations such as 3, 5 and 10 kGy/min on total phenolic and flavanoid amounts, antioxidant capacities and phenolic compound contents of Ayval?k and Gemlik olive leaves were investigated. The antioxidant capacities, total phenolic compound amount, total flavanoid amount and phenolic contents of the samples were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydracyl hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging method, Folin�Ciocalteu method, spectrophotometric and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. Microwave method was the most effective drying method in increasing the activity of phenolic, flavanoid and antioxidant compounds; gamma irradiations had different effects on phenolic compounds; the most abundant phenolic compound in olive leaf was oleuropein and the least found compound was gallic acid. In addition, the highest antioxidant content was obtained for Gemlik olive leaf, which applied 3 kGy/min gamma irradiation dosage and dried by microwave method.

Price transmission studies have received considerable importance in agricultural economics literature to guide and mold policy measures to address economic concerns. Plenty of work has been done on cereal markets however, less attention is given to fruit markets, especially, in the context of developing countries. Apart from this, frequent use of low frequency data have caused doubt on the credibility of results as some studies have raised a concern that low frequency data-based evidences might lead to imprecise conclusions on market linkages. The objective of this paper is to fill this gap by adopting high frequency weekly data to evaluate spatial price transmission across mango markets in Pakistan (a developing country) within a period of ten years applying co-integration analysis. We have found co-integrated markets with a slow speed of adjustments which accounted for some long-run equilibrium disruptions. The price formation mechanism is unidirectional as well as bidirectional. We have also discussed policy implications as well as potential future research directions to pave the way for further development in the field.

Clostridium perfringens -induced necrotic enteritis and related subclinical disease have become economically significant problems for the broiler industry. This study aims to determine the prevalence of subclinical necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens in healthy broiler chickens in Irbid/Jordan, from June 2020 to September 2020 were collected, 100 blood samples from 20 intensive poultry broilers farms were analysed. Upon examining intestinal samples different degrees of intestinal lesions from apparently normal chicken showed normal to severe necrosis based on a 0 to 3 scoring system. The blood samples were investigated using an ELISA kit to detect the presence of antibodies against Clostridium perfringens in healthy appearing broilers, no significant difference was noticed between the different farms and different lesion scores.The prevalence of Clostridium perfringenes in chickens in north Jordan flocks is 14.8%. A significant difference using chi-square test (P=0.004) was noted between infected and non-infected farms. Certain farms showed limited cases (1-2 cases) while others showed higher numbers of infections.

Heavy metals have access to the biosphere from a wide range of industries and different processing levels. These metals have a serious risk potential due to their accumulation in the environment and organisms. Various chemical and physical methods are utilized to remove heavy metals. However, these methods are not economical and treatment level is not sufficient. Therefore, microorganisms with very high potential are used effectively in this field. In this study, the wild-type Deinococus radiodrans, which was extremely resistant to oxidative damage, genotoxic chemicals, ionized and high levels of UV radiation and drying, and recombinant carrying Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (vgb) gene were used. Vgb¯ recombinant strain was used as a control.\nIn addition to the conditions in which bacteria have the optimum biosorption capacity, the contribution of the vgb gene, which enables the organism to grow more by providing more oxygenated medium, has been investigated. In summary, as a result of optimization studies, this paper argued that Cd +2 reached the highest biosorption capacity in all three bacteria at a metal concentration of 250 ppm, 30ᵒC, pH 6.0, 150 rpm agitation\nspeed and 60 minutes. In addition, the high biosorption capacity of the recombinant bacteria carrying the vgb gene was noteworthy.

Mungbean is a well-known short duration and drought tolerant crop, commonly grown for fodder and grains. Its seed must be protected against pests from field to godowns. Bruchid is a major threat to mungbean in storage. Among more than 20 bruchid species, Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) causes extensive losses in mungbean. Farmers are bound to sell their mungbean grains earlier after threshing, hence cannot attain high price. Keeping this in view, fifty high yielding mungbean genotypes were screened against Bruchid tolerance. Out of these, 5 were observed highly resistant, 7 were resistant, 8 were moderately resistant, 7 were moderately susceptible and 9 were susceptible, whereas, 14 were highly susceptible against C. maculatus. Genotype x Environment (G x E) interaction is also very important for adaptability study of high yielding genotypes for variety development and stable mungbean yield. The genotypes with high mean value, regression coefficient (b) close to unity and less variation from regression were considered to be stable. The overall objective of this study was to assess the role of G × E interaction and stability analysis in bruchid tolerant mungbean genotypes to increase mungbean yield production.