The Inter-branch organisations (IBO) are the highest forms of organisations for agricultural producers, together with other actors involved in the chain of the product. At European Union (EU) level, there are strict regulations as regards IBO and the member states are in different stages of implementation. Also, there are non-member states of EU that wish to establish IBO according to EU rules. This is the case of the Republic of North Macedonia (RNM). The paper presents the analysis of the current state of the process for establishing of IBO for apples. \nData were collected from the available literature, through field surveys and in-depth interviews with stakeholders, in cooperation with the Ministry of Agriculture, based on the EU funded project “Introduction and Implementation of CMO measures”, EuropeAid/139105/DH/SER/MK.\nThe results show the main constraints and the directions that the country must follow to establish IBO and a possible scenario.
Farmyard manure (FYM) is one of the more valuable organic fertilizers maintaining soil fertility in the systems of alternative agriculture, and contains the nutrients that are necessary for plants growing. The present study aimed to determine the effects of FYM and ammonium nitrate (AN) applications on the antioxidant and antimicrobial activitiy of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). In this context, different doses FYM (750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 kg da-1) and amonium nitrate (3, 6, 9, 12 kg da-1) with a control (no manure) were applied by sowing. Compared to all methods for antioxidant activity, DPPH methods showed the highest antioxidant activity (11,44?0,20 and 22,20 ? 0,47 mg 10 ml-1). Furthermore, among ethanol, hexane and dichloromethane extracts, only ethanol extract showed antioxidant activity all FYM and AN fertilizer. Also, the highest antioxidant activity were obtained from 750 kg da-1 FYM applications in all tested antioxidant activity methods, and it was seen that the up to 12 kg da-1 AN application increased the antioxidant activity. The highest antibacterial activity against almost all tested microbial species was observed with FYM applications of 1000-1500 kg da-1 and 6-9 kg/da AN applications. When all chemical extracts were evaluated together, the dill dichloromethane extracts showed the highest antibacterial activity against all tested microbial species, especially the highest antibacterial activity within all tested microbial species was observed with E. faecalis (1250 �g/ml mic).
Native to the Mediterranean basin country, Medicago is a kind of potential pasture crop that produces high levels of fodder. As part of a unifying project, a 4-year trial (2016-2020) of 7 perennial alfalfa cultivars is installed to monitor their chemical compositions and certain biometric parameters under rainy conditions. In the second year, from the vegetative stage to full flowering stage the amounts of total nitrogenous matter (MAT) are comparable, while the rate of mineral matter (MM) decreases in Timimoune, El M�n�a and Exquise. It increases in Tamacine and Tamentit and does not change in Ain Sallah and England. For fibers (raw cellulose: CB), the values at the vegetative stage vary between 18.14% -24.72%, increase at the full flowering stage and vary between 21.66% -30.28%. At the senescence of the plant it is at the maximum (48-49%) and nitrogen at the minimum with the fall of the leaves (4.65% -7.26%). In the third year of operation, from the vegetative stage to the full flowering stage, there is a decrease in the rate of MM as well as the MAT content and increase in the CB content but this does not exceed 35%. At this stage, the MAT content varies between 12% and 14.5%, the fodder is of very good quality then that the ratio of leaves to stems is close to 1 (varies between 0.6-1.77), a balance energy and nitrogen during the second year is offered to the animal a high digestibility occurs. The CB and MAT are inversely.