This investigation aims to evaluate the growth characteristics of Ammi seeds (Ammi visnaga), irradiated by gamma doses. Seeds divided into 5 groups, the first group was untreated seeds and other groups were treated by gamma doses at 20, 40, 60 and 80 Gy to induce the best results for mutation on Ammi growth. Exposing explants to gamma irradiation at the different doses decreased the average of shoots and leaves number. The low dose of gamma irradiation (20 Gy), significantly increased the average shoot length and leaf size. The high values of total phenols and total tanins were produced with increasing gamma irradiation to 60 Gy., Moreover, total alkaloids content was increased with increasing gamma dose to 80 Gy. The most effective bands were bands number (3and10) with molecular weights 100 and 30 Kda., respectively and were present with gamma irradiation treatments while absent on control treatment., for that this bands considered a negative marker associated with gamma irradiation.
Common problems that arise in the cultivation of Pomelo oranges are pests, and the continuous use of chemical pesticides which hurt the ecosystem. This study aims to compare the effects of chemical pesticides and biopesticides on insect species diversity in Pomelo orange fields in Magetan Regency. The method used in this study is direct observation of insect species in the Pomelo orange fields, by visual observation, yellow traps, clean brooms, Pitfall traps, light traps, and the application of methyl eugenol, followed by identification of the genus. The results showed that there were 7221 individual insects found in the chemical pesticide area that were identified as 7 different orders and 15 different families. While in the biopesticide area, 7999 individual insects were found, belonging to 7 different orders and 21 different families. Furthermore, in the area of chemical pesticides were not found groups of Rhynocoris, Rapalidia, Sceliphorn, predators group Coelophora, Adoterus, Gonocephalum, and pollinating groups Gotra and Cerceris. The biodiversity index (H \') of the chemical pesticide area is 1.9 while the biopesticide area is 2.03. The biopesticide area gives a higher biodiversity index value, although both regions show a moderate level of insect species diversity. The application of biopesticides increases the diversity index of insect species so that the application of biopesticides could protect insect biodiversity.
Biosolid was used as an amendment, taking into account sanitary concerns, to enhance growth parameters. Field experiments used to investigate Corn responses to biosolid application in completely randomized block design. Six treatments of fermented dewatered biosolid applied directly to the soil in a semi-arid Mediterranean environment. The results of this study showed that WUE and biomass production was sensitive to the biosolid application rate. Results show plant\'s growth performance at a high biosolid application rate was high, whereas at low application rate and the control soil were relatively low. A significant increase was significantly observed. Corn had the highest significant value in WUE (15.4%), and in dry biomass production of (77.5 kg/ha (A)) at T6 (10 ton/ha biosolid), all as a mean value. In conclusion, WUE can be used as an indicator of plant growth, as well as biomass production